<p>In this space, we will explore the ethical and legal issues surrounding the use, development and impact of information technologies in our modern society. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Information technologies, such as computing, artificial intelligence, the Internet and cyber security, have an increasing influence on our lives, raising important ethical and legal concerns.</p>

<p>This course focuses on: &nbsp;</p>

<p>1. data protection and privacy. So, it discusses laws and regulations relating to the protection of personal data, such as the European Union&#39;s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and also the challenges of privacy in a digital world, including the collection and use of personal data, government surveillance and privacy challenges.</p>

<p>في هذا المجال، سنستكشف القضايا الأخلاقية والقانونية المحيطة باستخدام وتطوير وتأثير تكنولوجيات المعلومات في مجتمعنا الحديث.</p>

<p>تقنيات المعلومات، مثل الحوسبة والذكاء الاصطناعي والإنترنت والأمن السيبراني، تؤثر بشكل متزايد على حياتنا، مما يثير مخاوف أخلاقية وقانونية مهمة.</p>

<p>وتركز هذه الدورة إلى حد كبير على ما يلي:</p>

<p>1. حماية البيانات والخصوصية. وبالتالي، فإنه يتناول القوانين واللوائح المتعلقة بحماية البيانات الشخصية، مثل اللائحة العامة لحماية البيانات (GDPR) للاتحاد الأوروبي وكذلك قضايا الخصوصية في عالم رقمي، بما في ذلك جمع واستخدام البيانات الشخصية والرصد الحكومي وتحديات الخصوصية.</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW162680500" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Dans cet espace, nous explorerons les questions &eacute;thiques et juridiques qui entourent l&#39;utilisation, le d&eacute;veloppement et l&#39;impact des technologies de l&#39;information dans notre soci&eacute;t&eacute; moderne.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW162680500" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Les technologies de l&#39;information, telles que l&#39;informatique, l&#39;intelligence artificielle, l&#39;Internet et la cyber s&eacute;curit&eacute;, ont une influence croissante sur nos vies, ce qui soul&egrave;ve des pr&eacute;occupations &eacute;thiques et juridiques importantes.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Ce cours traite en grande partie :&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">1.La protection des donn&eacute;es et vie priv&eacute;e. Donc, il aborde les lois et r&eacute;glementations relatives &agrave; la protection des donn&eacute;es personnelles, telles que le R&egrave;glement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral sur la protection des donn&eacute;es (RGPD) de l&#39;Union europ&eacute;enne et aussi les enjeux de la vie priv&eacute;e dans un monde num&eacute;rique, y compris la collecte et l&#39;utilisation des donn&eacute;es personnelles, la surveillance gouvernementale et les d&eacute;fis li&eacute;s &agrave; la confidentialit&eacute;.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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IT ethics and law

قانون الأخلاقيات وتكنولوجيا المعلومات

Ethique et loi des IT

<p>The stock market is part of the financial market. The financial market is the long-term capital market on which securities are traded. A security is a set of securities issued by a public or private legal entity, transferable by book entry or by tradition, which confer identical rights by category and give access, directly or indirectly, to a share of the capital of the issuing legal entity or to a general claim on its assets. There are three types of securities: &nbsp;</p>

<p>- shares</p>

<p>&nbsp;- bonds &nbsp;</p>

<p>- hybrid securities (securities with equity and bond characteristics). &nbsp;</p>

<p>The macroeconomic role of the stock market can be studied in terms of two compartments, which exist in all financial centres and on all quotation markets: the primary market and the secondary market.</p>

<p>البورصة ملك للسوق المالية. نسميها السوق المالية، سوق رأس المال طويل الأجل الذي يتم تداول الأوراق المالية عليه. الضمان هو مجموعة من الأوراق المالية التي يصدرها شخص اعتباري عام أو خاص، قابلة للتحويل عن طريق القيد في الحساب أو التقليد، والتي تثني على حقوق متطابقة حسب الفئة وتتيح الوصول، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر، إلى نسبة من رأس مال الشخص الاعتباري الذي يصدر الضمان أو مطالبة عامة بموجوداته. هناك ثلاثة أنواع من الأوراق المالية:. - الأسهم ؛ - السندات ؛ - الأوراق المالية الهجينة (الأوراق المالية ذات الخصائص السهمية والسندات). تتم دراسة دور الاقتصاد الكلي للبورصة من خلال مقصورتين موجودتين بغض النظر عن السوق المالية وسوق الإدراج: السوق الأولية والسوق الثانوية.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">La Bourse appartient au march&eacute; financier. On appelle march&eacute; financier, le march&eacute; des capitaux &agrave; long terme sur lequel se n&eacute;gocient des valeurs mobili&egrave;res. Une valeur mobili&egrave;re est un ensemble de titres &eacute;mis par une personne morale publique ou priv&eacute;e, transmissibles par inscription en compte ou tradition, qui conf&egrave;rent des droits identiques par cat&eacute;gorie et donnent acc&egrave;s, directement ou indirectement, &agrave; une quotit&eacute; du capital de la personne morale &eacute;mettrice ou &agrave; un droit de cr&eacute;ance g&eacute;n&eacute;ral sur son patrimoine. Il existe trois types de valeurs mobili&egrave;res :&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&ndash; les actions;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;&ndash; les obligations;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&ndash; les titres hybrides (valeurs &agrave; caract&eacute;ristiques actions et obligations).&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW185755660" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Le r&ocirc;le macro&eacute;conomique de la Bourse s&rsquo;&eacute;tudie au travers de deux compartiments qui existent quelle que soit la place financi&egrave;re et quel que soit le march&eacute; de cotation : march&eacute; primaire et march&eacute; secondaire.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Capital markets

أسواق رؤوس الأموال

Marchés des capitaux

<p>In-depth economic and financial analysis is an essential process for gaining a detailed understanding of a company&#39;s financial and economic situation. It involves examining financial data, market trends and economic factors to assess a company&#39;s performance and viability, while focusing on the techniques, methods and key indicators used to make informed decisions.</p>

<p>يعد التحليل الاقتصادي والمالي المتعمق عملية أساسية لفهم مفصل للوضع المالي والاقتصادي للشركة. يتضمن فحص البيانات المالية واتجاهات السوق والعوامل الاقتصادية لتقييم أداء الشركة وجدواها مع التركيز على التقنيات والطرق والمؤشرات الرئيسية المستخدمة لاتخاذ قرارات مستنيرة.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&#39;analyse &eacute;conomique et financi&egrave;re approfondie est un processus essentiel pour comprendre en d&eacute;tail la situation financi&egrave;re et &eacute;conomique d&#39;une entreprise. Elle consiste &agrave; examiner les donn&eacute;es financi&egrave;res, les tendances du march&eacute; et les facteurs &eacute;conomiques pour &eacute;valuer la performance et la viabilit&eacute; d&#39;une entreprise tout en&nbsp; se focalisant sur les techniques, les m&eacute;thodes et les indicateurs cl&eacute;s utilis&eacute;s pour prendre des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></p>

In-depth Economic and Financial Analysis

التحليل الاقتصادي والمالي المتعمق

Analyse Économique et Financière Approfondie

<p>Conventional financial products refer to a set of traditional financial instruments and tools widely used on the financial markets. They include asset classes such as equities, bonds, investment funds, derivatives, options, futures, swaps and more.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left">تشير المنتجات المالية التقليدية إلى مجموعة من الأدوات والأدوات المالية التقليدية المستخدمة على نطاق واسع في الأسواق المالية. وهي تشمل فئات الأصول مثل الأسهم والسندات وصناديق الاستثمار والمشتقات والخيارات والعقود الآجلة والمقايضات وما إلى ذلك.</p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Les produits financiers classiques font r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; un ensemble d&#39;instruments et d&#39;outils financiers traditionnels largement utilis&eacute;s sur les march&eacute;s financiers. Ils comprennent des cat&eacute;gories d&#39;actifs tels que les actions, les obligations, les fonds d&#39;investissement, les produits d&eacute;riv&eacute;s, les options, les contrats &agrave; terme, les swaps, etc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Classic financial products

المنتجات المالية  التقليدية

Produits financiers classiques

<p>Risk Management refers to a set of processes, policies and practices put in place by an organization to identify, assess and manage the risks to which it is exposed.</p>

<p>تشير إدارة المخاطر إلى مجموعة من العمليات والسياسات والممارسات التي وضعتها المنظمة لتحديد المخاطر التي تتعرض لها وتقييمها وإدارتها.</p>

<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le Risk Management (gestion des risques) fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; un ensemble de processus, de politiques et de pratiques mis en place par une organisation pour identifier, &eacute;valuer et g&eacute;rer les risques auxquels elle est expos&eacute;e</span></p>

<p>Risk Management refers to a set of processes, policies, and practices put in place by an organization to identify, assess and manage the risks to which it is exposed. &nbsp;</p>

<p>The main objective of Risk Management is to reduce the negative impact of risks on the organization&#39;s activities while seizing potential opportunities.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Risk mapping is a technique used in the risk management process to identify, assess and graphically represent the various risks facing an organization. Risk mapping enables risks to be visualized in a structured way, and their interdependence to be understood.</p>

Risk management and risk mapping

إدارة المخاطر ورسم خرائط لها

Risk management et cartographie des risques

<p>General accounting is a system for recording, monitoring, and communicating the financial transactions of an economic entity. It provides accurate and reliable financial information on a company&#39;s financial health, enabling owners, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.</p>

<p>المحاسبة العامة هي نظام لتسجيل المعاملات المالية لكيان اقتصادي وتتبعها والإبلاغ عنها. يوفر معلومات مالية دقيقة وموثوقة حول الصحة المالية للشركة، مما يسمح للمالكين والمستثمرين والدائنين وأصحاب المصلحة الآخرين بأخذ</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La comptabilit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;rale est un syst&egrave;me d&#39;enregistrement, de suivi et de communication des transactions financi&egrave;res d&#39;une entit&eacute; &eacute;conomique. Elle fournit des informations financi&egrave;res pr&eacute;cises et fiables sur la sant&eacute; financi&egrave;re d&#39;une entreprise, permettant ainsi aux propri&eacute;taires, aux investisseurs, aux cr&eacute;anciers et aux autres parties prenantes de prendre des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p>General accounting is a system for recording, monitoring and communicating the financial transactions of an economic entity. It provides accurate and reliable financial information on a company&#39;s financial health, enabling owners, investors, creditors and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.</p>

General accounting

المحاسبة العامة

Comptabilité générale

<p>Corporate governance is a key concept in the business world. It is a set of principles, policies and practices designed to guide and oversee the direction and management of a company, with the aim of maximizing shareholder value and protecting the interests of stakeholders.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Good corporate governance is essential to ensure transparency, accountability and integrity within organizations. It plays a crucial role in investor confidence, access to capital, risk management and long-term corporate performance.</p>

<p>تعد إدارة الشركات مفهومًا رئيسيًا في عالم الأعمال. إنها مجموعة من المبادئ والسياسات والممارسات التي تهدف إلى توجيه إدارة وإدارة الأعمال والإشراف عليها، بهدف زيادة قيمة المساهمين إلى أقصى حد وحماية مصالح أصحاب المصلحة. سادسا - الحكم الرشيد</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La gouvernance des entreprises est un concept cl&eacute; dans le monde des affaires. Il s&#39;agit d&#39;un ensemble de principes, de politiques et de pratiques qui visent &agrave; guider et &agrave; superviser la direction et la gestion d&#39;une entreprise, dans le but de maximiser la valeur pour les actionnaires et de prot&eacute;ger les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des parties prenantes.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW193254115" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La bonne gouvernance d&#39;entreprise est essentielle pour assurer la transparence, la responsabilit&eacute; et l&#39;int&eacute;grit&eacute; au sein des organisations. Elle joue un r&ocirc;le crucial dans la confiance des investisseurs, l&#39;acc&egrave;s aux capitaux, la gestion des risques et la performance &agrave; long terme de l&#39;entreprise.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Corporate governance

إدارة الشركات

Gouvernances des entreprises

<p>The accounting information system, also known as the accounting system, is a set of procedures, methods and resources used to collect, record, process, store and communicate the financial information of an economic entity. It aims to provide accurate, complete and relevant data for financial decision-making and the preparation of financial statements.</p>

<p>نظام المعلومات المحاسبية، المعروف أيضا باسم النظام المحاسبي، هو مجموعة من الإجراءات والأساليب والموارد المستخدمة لجمع المعلومات المالية لكيان اقتصادي وتسجيلها ومعالجتها وتخزينها وإبلاغها. يهدف إلى توفير بيانات دقيقة وكاملة وذات صلة من أجل</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le syst&egrave;me d&#39;information comptable, &eacute;galement connu sous le nom de syst&egrave;me comptable, est un ensemble de proc&eacute;dures, de m&eacute;thodes et de ressources utilis&eacute;es pour collecter, enregistrer, traiter, stocker et communiquer les informations financi&egrave;res d&#39;une entit&eacute; &eacute;conomique. Il vise &agrave; fournir des donn&eacute;es pr&eacute;cises, compl&egrave;tes et pertinentes pour la prise de d&eacute;cisions financi&egrave;res et la pr&eacute;paration des &eacute;tats financiers.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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The accounting information system

نظام المعلومات المحاسبية

Le système d’ information comptable

<p>The management of financial institutions is an essential discipline in the financial sector. It encompasses the principles, practices and strategies used to effectively manage the activities, resources and risks of financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies, investment funds and asset management companies.</p>

<p>وتشكل إدارة المؤسسات المالية ضبطا أساسيا في القطاع المالي. وهو يشمل المبادئ والممارسات والاستراتيجيات المستخدمة في الإدارة الفعالة لأنشطة وموارد ومخاطر المؤسسات المالية مثل المصارف وشركات التأمين وصناديق الاستثمار والشركات.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La gestion des institutions financi&egrave;res est une discipline essentielle dans le secteur financier. Elle englobe les principes, les pratiques et les strat&eacute;gies utilis&eacute;s pour g&eacute;rer efficacement les activit&eacute;s, les ressources et les risques des institutions financi&egrave;res telles que les banques, les compagnies d&#39;assurance, les fonds d&#39;investissement et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s de gestion d&#39;actifs.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Management of financial institutions

إدارة المؤسسات المالية

Gestion des institutions Financières

<p>Communication plays a fundamental role in the smooth running of any business. It enables the sharing of information, the transmission of objectives, the coordination of activities, the resolution of problems and the creation of an efficient, collaborative work environment.</p>

<p>ويؤدي الاتصال دوراً أساسياً في الأداء السليم للشركات. وهو يتيح تبادل المعلومات، ونقل الأهداف، وتنسيق الأنشطة، وحل المشاكل، وتهيئة بيئة عمل فعالة وتعاونية.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La communication joue un r&ocirc;le fondamental dans le bon fonctionnement des entreprises. Elle permet le partage d&#39;informations, la transmission des objectifs, la coordination des activit&eacute;s, la r&eacute;solution des probl&egrave;mes et la cr&eacute;ation d&#39;un environnement de travail efficace et collaboratif.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Corporate communication

الاتصالات في المؤسسة

Communication en entreprise

<p>Corporate financial management encompasses the processes and decisions involved in managing a company&#39;s financial resources. It aims to maximize corporate value by making informed decisions on investments, financing, liquidity management and the creation of shareholder value.</p>

<p>تشمل الإدارة المالية للشركة العمليات والقرارات المتعلقة بإدارة الموارد المالية للشركة. ويهدف إلى تعظيم قيمة الأعمال من خلال اتخاذ قرارات مستنيرة بشأن الاستثمار والتمويل وإدارة السيولة وخلق قيمة للمساهمين.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le management financier de l&#39;entreprise englobe les processus et les d&eacute;cisions li&eacute;s &agrave; la gestion des ressources financi&egrave;res de l&#39;entreprise. Il vise &agrave; maximiser la valeur de l&#39;entreprise en prenant des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es concernant les investissements, le financement, la gestion des liquidit&eacute;s et la cr&eacute;ation de valeur pour les actionnaires.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Corporate Financial Management

الإدارة المالية للشركة

Management Financier de l'entreprise

<p>A database is a collection of structured information.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>An RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) is a software program for storing, consulting, modifying and deleting database data. It stores information in tables.</p>

<p>SQL (Strutured Query Language) is the language used to access data in a database. It is standardized and adopted by ANSI (American National Standards Institute).</p>

<p>SQL is a &quot;universal&quot; language used by administrators, developers and users to administer, control, define, develop and manipulate databases. &nbsp;</p>

<p>PL/SQL is a procedural language that integrates SQL commands for database management. The SQL statements embedded in PL/SQL are: &nbsp;</p>

<p>- SELECT</p>

<p>- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE</p>

<p>- COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT</p>

<p>- TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, UPPER, ...</p>

<p>PL/SQL-specific statements: &nbsp;</p>

<p>- variable definition</p>

<p>- conditional processing</p>

<p>- repetitive processing</p>

<p>- cursor processing</p>

<p>- error handling</p>

<p>قاعدة البيانات هي مجموعة من المعلومات المنظمة. نظام إدارة قواعد البيانات العلائقية (RDBMS) هو برنامج يسمح بتخزين البيانات من قاعدة البيانات وعرضها وتعديلها وحذفها. يخزن المعلومات في الجداول.. SQL (لغة الاستعلام المتعثرة) هي اللغة المستخدمة للوصول إلى البيانات</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Une </span><strong>base de donn&eacute;es</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> est un ensemble d&#39;informations structur&eacute;es.</span><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Un </span><strong>SGBDR</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> (Syst&egrave;me de Gestion de Bases de Donn&eacute;es Relationnel) est un logiciel qui permet de stocker, consulter, modifier et supprimer les donn&eacute;es de la base de donn&eacute;es. Il stocke les informations dans des tables.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><strong>SQL</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> (Strutured Query Language) est le langage utilis&eacute; pour acc&eacute;der aux donn&eacute;es d&#39;une base de donn&eacute;es. Il est normalis&eacute; et adopt&eacute; par l&#39;ANSI (American National Standards Institute).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW232465220" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">SQL est un langage &laquo; universel &raquo; utilis&eacute; par les administrateurs, les d&eacute;veloppeurs et les utilisateurs pour administrer, contr&ocirc;ler, d&eacute;finir, d&eacute;velopper et manipuler les bases de donn&eacute;es.</span><strong>&nbsp;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><strong>PL/SQL </strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">est un langage proc&eacute;dural qui int&egrave;gre des ordres SQL de gestion de la base de donn&eacute;es. Les Instructions SQL int&eacute;gr&eacute;es dans PL/SQL sont:&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- SELECT</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, UPPER, ...</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><strong>Les Instructions sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; PL/SQL :&nbsp;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- d&eacute;finition de variables</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- traitements conditionnels</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- traitements r&eacute;p&eacute;titifs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- traitement des curseurs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">- traitement des erreurs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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DBMS and BDS administration

SGBD et administration des BDS

<p>Financial management is a vital aspect of any business, whatever its size or sector of activity. It encompasses the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of a company&#39;s financial resources to achieve its financial objectives, while focusing on the key concepts, best practices and tools used to make informed decisions and optimize financial resources.</p>

<p>الإدارة المالية هي جانب حيوي من أي عمل، بغض النظر عن الحجم أو الصناعة. يتضمن تخطيط وتنظيم وتوجيه ومراقبة الموارد المالية للشركة لتحقيق أهدافها المالية مع التركيز على المفاهيم الرئيسية وأفضل الممارسات و</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">La gestion financi&egrave;re est un aspect vital de toute entreprise, quelle que soit sa taille ou son secteur d&#39;activit&eacute;. Elle englobe la planification, l&#39;organisation, la direction et le contr&ocirc;le des ressources financi&egrave;res d&#39;une entreprise pour atteindre ses objectifs financiers tout en mettant l&#39;accent sur les concepts cl&eacute;s, les meilleures pratiques et les outils utilis&eacute;s pour prendre des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es et optimiser les ressources financi&egrave;res.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La gestion financi&egrave;re est un aspect vital de toute entreprise, quelle que soit sa taille ou son secteur d&#39;activit&eacute;. Elle englobe la planification, l&#39;organisation, la direction et le contr&ocirc;le des ressources financi&egrave;res d&#39;une entreprise pour atteindre ses objectifs financiers tout en mettant l&#39;accent sur les concepts cl&eacute;s, les meilleures pratiques et les outils utilis&eacute;s pour prendre des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es et optimiser les ressources financi&egrave;res.</span></span></span></span></p>

Financial management

إدارة الأموال

Gestion financière

<p>The .NET Framework is a set of tools, libraries and technologies developed by Microsoft. It provides a runtime environment for software applications and supports the development of applications on different platforms, including Windows, macOS and Linux. &nbsp;</p>

<p>The .NET Framework supports several programming languages, including C#, VB.NET and F#. It offers a comprehensive set of libraries and out-of-the-box functionality, making application development easy. It also provides rich development tools such as Visual Studio, which enhance developer productivity by offering advanced debugging capabilities, integration with other tools and development assistance.</p>

<p>The .NET Framework is designed for high performance and scalability. It includes the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which manages the execution of .NET applications, optimizes code at runtime and offers memory management mechanisms to improve performance.</p>

<p>In short, the .NET Framework offers a combination of versatility, productivity, performance, interoperability and support that make it an attractive choice for software application development. It is suitable for projects of all sizes, from desktop to web and mobile applications.</p>

<p>The. NET Framework هي مجموعة من الأدوات والمكتبات والتقنيات التي طورتها Microsoft. يوفر بيئة وقت التشغيل لتطبيقات البرامج ويدعم تطوير التطبيقات على منصات مختلفة بما في ذلك Windows و macOS و Linux. The. يدعم NET Framework لغات متعددة من</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Le Framework .NET est un ensemble </span><strong>d&#39;outils</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, de </span><strong>biblioth&egrave;ques</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> et de </span><strong>technologies</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es par Microsoft. Il fournit un environnement d&#39;ex&eacute;cution pour les applications logicielles et prend en charge le d&eacute;veloppement d&#39;applications sur diff&eacute;rentes plateformes, notamment Windows, macOS et Linux.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Le Framework .NET prend en charge plusieurs langages de programmation, notamment </span><strong>C#</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, </span><strong>VB.NET</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> et </span><strong>F#</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">. Il offre un ensemble complet de biblioth&egrave;ques et de fonctionnalit&eacute;s pr&ecirc;tes &agrave; l&#39;emploi, ce qui facilite le d&eacute;veloppement d&#39;applications. Il fournit &eacute;galement des outils de d&eacute;veloppement riches tels que </span><strong>Visual Studio</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, qui am&eacute;liorent la productivit&eacute; des d&eacute;veloppeurs en offrant des fonctionnalit&eacute;s de </span><strong>d&eacute;bogage avanc&eacute;es</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, une int&eacute;gration avec d&#39;autres outils et une assistance au d&eacute;veloppement.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Le Framework .NET est con&ccedil;u pour fournir de bonnes performances et une grande &eacute;volutivit&eacute;. Il inclut le </span><strong>Common Language Runtime (CLR),</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> qui g&egrave;re l&#39;ex&eacute;cution des applications </span><strong>.NET</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, optimise le code au moment de l&#39;ex&eacute;cution et offre des m&eacute;canismes de gestion de la m&eacute;moire pour am&eacute;liorer les performances.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">En r&eacute;sum&eacute;, le Framework .NET offre une combinaison de </span><strong>polyvalence</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, de </span><strong>productivit&eacute;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, de </span><strong>performance</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, d&#39;</span><strong>interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> et de </span><strong>support</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> qui en font un choix attrayant pour le d&eacute;veloppement d&#39;applications logicielles. Il convient aux projets de </span><strong>diff&eacute;rentes tailles</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, des applications de </span><strong>bureau</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> aux applications </span><strong>web</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> et </span><strong>mobiles.</strong></p>
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Framework. Net

<p>Commercial company law deals with the legal aspects of setting up, managing and dissolving commercial companies. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Corporate law is a branch of law that governs the rules and regulations applicable to companies and their operations.</p>

<p>This course is divided into 3 parts:</p>

<p>*Types of commercial companies &nbsp;</p>

<p>We will present the different types of commercial companies, such as soci&eacute;t&eacute;s anonymes (SA), soci&eacute;t&eacute;s &agrave; responsabilit&eacute; limit&eacute;e (SARL), soci&eacute;t&eacute;s en commandite simple (SCS) and soci&eacute;t&eacute;s en nom collectif (SNC). We&#39;ll explain the distinctive features of each type of company and the associated legal implications.</p>

<p>*Setting up a commercial company: We&#39;ll discuss the steps and formalities involved in setting up a commercial company, including drafting the articles of association, registering with the relevant authorities, issuing shares, and share capital requirements.</p>

<p>*Dissolution and liquidation of a commercial company: We will explain the procedures for dissolving and liquidating a commercial company, including liquidating assets, settling claims, closing accounts and the tax obligations associated with dissolution.</p>

<p>ويتناول قانون الشركات التجارية الجوانب القانونية المتصلة بإنشاء الشركات التجارية وإدارتها وحلها.</p>

<p>قانون الشركات هو فرع من فروع القانون يحكم القواعد واللوائح المنطبقة على التعهدات وتنفيذها.</p>

<p>تتكون هذه الدورة من 3 أجزاء:</p>

<p>* أنواع الشركات التجارية</p>

<p>سنقدم أنواعًا مختلفة من الشركات التجارية، مثل الشركات العامة المحدودة (SA) والشركات ذات المسؤولية المحدودة (SARL) والشراكات المحدودة (SCS) والشراكات (SNC). سنشرح الخصائص المميزة لكل نوع من الشركات والآثار القانونية المرتبطة بها.</p>

<p>* إنشاء شركة تجارية: سنناقش الخطوات والشكليات اللازمة لإنشاء شركة تجارية، بما في ذلك صياغة النظام الأساسي، والتسجيل لدى السلطات المختصة، وإصدار الأسهم أو الأسهم، ومتطلبات رأس المال الاجتماعي.</p>

<p>* حل وتصفية شركة تجارية: سنشرح إجراءات حل وتصفية شركة تجارية، بما في ذلك تصفية الأصول، وتسوية المطالبات، وإغلاق الحسابات، والالتزامات الضريبية المتصلة بحل الشركة.</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le droit des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s commerciales traite les aspects juridiques li&eacute;s &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation, &agrave; la gestion et &agrave; la dissolution des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s commerciales.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le droit des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s est une branche du droit qui r&eacute;git les r&egrave;gles et les r&eacute;glementations applicables aux entreprises et &agrave; leur fonctionnement.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">ce cours comporte 3 parties :</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
</div>

<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">*Types de soci&eacute;t&eacute;s commerciales &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Nous pr&eacute;senterons les diff&eacute;rents types de soci&eacute;t&eacute;s commerciales, tels que les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s anonymes (SA), les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s &agrave; responsabilit&eacute; limit&eacute;e (SARL), les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s en commandite simple (SCS) et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s en nom collectif (SNC). Nous expliquerons les caract&eacute;ristiques distinctives de chaque type de soci&eacute;t&eacute; et les implications juridiques associ&eacute;es.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">*Cr&eacute;ation d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; commerciale : Nous discuterons des &eacute;tapes et des formalit&eacute;s n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; commerciale, notamment la r&eacute;daction des statuts, l&#39;immatriculation aupr&egrave;s des autorit&eacute;s comp&eacute;tentes, l&#39;&eacute;mission de parts ou d&#39;actions, et les exigences en mati&egrave;re de capital social.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW159050879" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">*Dissolution et liquidation d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; commerciale : Nous expliquerons les proc&eacute;dures de dissolution et de liquidation d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; commerciale, y compris la liquidation des actifs, le r&egrave;glement des cr&eacute;ances, la cl&ocirc;ture des comptes et les obligations fiscales li&eacute;es &agrave; la dissolution.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Corporate Commercial Law

قانون الشركات التجارية

Droit des sociétés Commerciales

<p>Banking law governs the rules and regulations governing the activities of banks, the relationship between banks and their customers, and financial transactions.</p>

<p>This course focuses on : &nbsp;</p>

<p>1 *Banking regulations: We will discuss the regulations that govern the operation of banks, such as central banking laws, financial services laws, bank conduct rules and capital requirements.</p>

<p>*Bank-customer relations: We will explore the rights and obligations of banks and their customers. We will cover topics such as opening bank accounts, deposit contracts, online banking, day-to-day banking and consumer rights in financial services.</p>

<p>وينظم القانون المصرفي القواعد واللوائح التي تحكم أنشطة المصارف، والعلاقة بين المصارف وعملائها، والمعاملات المالية.</p>

<p>وتركز هذه الدورة على ما يلي:</p>

<p>1. * اللوائح المصرفية: سنناقش اللوائح التي تحكم تشغيل البنوك، مثل قوانين البنك المركزي وقوانين الخدمات المالية وقواعد سلوك البنوك ومتطلبات رأس المال.</p>

<p>* العلاقات بين البنك والعميل: سنستكشف حقوق والتزامات البنوك وعملائها. سنغطي موضوعات مثل فتح الحساب المصرفي واتفاقيات الإيداع والخدمات المصرفية عبر الإنترنت والخدمات المصرفية اليومية وحقوق الخدمات المالية للمستهلكين</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW264537143" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le droit bancaire r&eacute;git les r&egrave;gles et les r&eacute;glementations qui encadrent les activit&eacute;s des banques, la relation entre les banques et leurs clients, ainsi que les transactions financi&egrave;res.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Ce cours s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse &agrave; :&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
</div>

<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW264537143" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">1.*R&eacute;glementation bancaire : Nous discuterons des r&eacute;glementations qui encadrent le fonctionnement des banques, telles que les lois sur la banque centrale, les lois sur les services financiers, les r&egrave;gles de conduite des banques et les exigences de capital.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW264537143" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">*Relations banque-client : Nous explorerons les droits et les obligations des banques et de leurs clients. Nous aborderons des sujets tels que l&#39;ouverture de comptes bancaires, les contrats de d&eacute;p&ocirc;t, les services bancaires en ligne, les op&eacute;rations bancaires courantes et les droits des consommateurs en mati&egrave;re de services financiers</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Banking law

قانون البنوك

Droit bancaire

<p>Financial diagnosis is an essential process for assessing a company&#39;s financial health.</p>

<p>financial health. It enables us to analyze past and present performance and forecast future</p>

<p>future prospects, while highlighting the various tools and methods used to assess a company&#39;s</p>

<p>assess a company&#39;s financial situation.</p>

<p>التشخيص المالي هو عملية أساسية لتقييم الصحة المالية للشركة. يسمح بتحليل ماضيه وحاضره والتنبؤ بأدائه. آفاق المستقبل مع التركيز على مختلف الأدوات والأساليب المستخدمة. تقييم الوضع المالي للشركة.</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW212992412" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le diagnostic financier est un processus essentiel pour &eacute;valuer la sant&eacute; financi&egrave;re d&rsquo;une</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW212992412" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">entreprise. Il permet d&rsquo;analyser ses performances pass&eacute;es, pr&eacute;sentes et de pr&eacute;voir ses</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW212992412" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">perspectives futures tout en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur les diff&eacute;rents outils et m&eacute;thodes utilis&eacute;s pour</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW212992412" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&eacute;valuer la situation financi&egrave;re d&rsquo;une entreprise.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le diagnostic financier est un processus essentiel pour &eacute;valuer la sant&eacute; financi&egrave;re d&#39;une entreprise. Il permet d&#39;analyser ses performances pass&eacute;es, pr&eacute;sentes et de pr&eacute;voir ses perspectives futures tout en mettant l&#39;accent sur les diff&eacute;rents outils et m&eacute;thodes utilis&eacute;s pour &eacute;valuer la situation financi&egrave;re d&#39;une entreprise.</span></span></p>

Financial Diagnosis

التشخيص المالي

Diagnostic Financier

<p>Controlling plays an essential role in managing and optimizing a company&#39;s</p>

<p>performance. It involves implementing tools and methods to</p>

<p>measure, analyze and steer a company&#39;s financial and operating results, while at the same time</p>

<p>focus on the various techniques and practices used to improve a company&#39;s</p>

<p>performance.</p>

<p>تلعب الرقابة الإدارية دورًا أساسيًا في إدارة الشركة وتحسينها. الأداء. يتضمن وضع أدوات وطرق. قياس وتحليل وتوجيه النتائج المالية والتشغيلية للشركة أثناء ذلك. التركيز على التقنيات والممارسات المختلفة المستخدمة في</p>

<p>Le contr&ocirc;le de gestion joue un r&ocirc;le essentiel dans la gestion et l&rsquo;optimisation de la</p>

<p>performance d&rsquo;une entreprise. Il consiste &agrave; mettre en place des outils et des m&eacute;thodes pour</p>

<p>mesurer, analyser et piloter les r&eacute;sultats financiers et op&eacute;rationnels d&rsquo;une entreprise tout en</p>

<p>mettant l&rsquo;accent sur les diff&eacute;rentes techniques et pratiques utilis&eacute;es pour am&eacute;liorer les</p>

<p>performances de l&rsquo;entreprise</p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La comptabilit&eacute; des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s est un domaine essentiel de la gestion financi&egrave;re des entreprises. Elle englobe les principes, les r&egrave;gles et les pratiques n&eacute;cessaires pour enregistrer, analyser et rapporter les transactions financi&egrave;res des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s tout en mettant l&#39;accent sur les concepts cl&eacute;s, les obligations l&eacute;gales et les meilleures pratiques pour assurer une gestion financi&egrave;re solide et transparente.</span></span></span></span></p>

Management Control

محاسبة التكاليف

Contrôle de Gestion

<p>Hyperspectral imagery combined with spatial features holds promise<br />
for improved remote sensing classification. In this letter, we propose a method<br />
for classification of hyperspectral data based on the incorporation of spatial<br />
arrangement of pixel&rsquo;s values. We use the semivariogram to measure the spatial<br />
correlation which is then combined with spectral features within the stacked<br />
kernel support vector machine framework. The proposed method is compared with a<br />
classifier based on firstorder statistics. The overall classification accuracy is<br />
tested for the AVIRIS Indian Pines benchmark dataset. Error matrices are used<br />
to estimate individual class accuracy. Statistical significance of the accuracy<br />
estimates is assessed based on the kappa coefficient and z-statistics at the<br />
95% confidence level. Empirical results show that the proposed approach gives<br />
better performance than the method based on first-order statistics.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>Abstrat<br />
de l&rsquo;article : Hyperspectral data classification using gesostatistics and<br />
support vecor machines.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><br />
Published<br />
in Remote Sensing letters, Taylor and Francis</p>

<p>Here&#39;s an excerpt from my scientific article on the subject of<br />
classification of BIG DATA based on geostatistics and support vector<br />
geostatistics and support vector machines. It&#39;s proof that the<br />
DATA SCIENCE &amp; BIG DATA Master&#39;s degree is open to all graduates of scientific<br />
not just computer science.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>الصور فائقة الطيف جنبا إلى جنب مع الميزات المكانية تبشر بتحسين تصنيف الاستشعار عن بعد. في هذه الرسالة، نقترح طريقة لتصنيف البيانات فوق الطيفية بناءً على دمج الترتيب المكاني لقيم البكسل. نستخدم semivariogram لقياس الارتباط المكاني الذي يتم دمجه بعد ذلك مع الميزات الطيفية داخل إطار جهاز متجه دعم النواة المكدس. تقارن الطريقة المقترحة بمصنف يستند إلى إحصاءات المرتبة الأولى. يتم اختبار دقة التصنيف الشاملة لمجموعة بيانات AVIRIS Indian Pines القياسية. تستخدم مصفوفات الخطأ لتقدير دقة الفئة الفردية. يتم تقييم الأهمية الإحصائية لتقديرات الدقة بناءً على معامل كابا وإحصاءات z عند مستوى الثقة البالغ 95٪. وتبين النتائج التجريبية أن النهج المقترح يعطي أداء أفضل من الأسلوب القائم على إحصاءات من الدرجة الأولى.<br />
Abstrat de l&#39; article: Hyperspectral data classification use gesostatistics and support vecor machines.<br />
Publi&eacute; في رسائل الاستشعار عن بعد، تايلور وفرانسيس<br />
Voil&agrave; un extrait de mon article scientifique ayant pour sujet la classification des donn&eacute;es massives (BIG DATA) en se basant sur les g&eacute;ostatistiques et et les machines &agrave; vecturs. C&#39; est une preuve que le Mast&egrave;re DATA SCIENCE&amp;BIG DATA يمكن الوصول إليها من خلال دبلومات الفروع العلمية وغير المزودة بمعلومات.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>L&#39;imagerie hyperspectrale combin&eacute;e &agrave; des caract&eacute;ristiques spatiales est prometteuse pour am&eacute;liorer la classification de la t&eacute;l&eacute;d&eacute;tection.<br />
pour am&eacute;liorer la classification de la t&eacute;l&eacute;d&eacute;tection. Dans cette lettre, nous proposons une m&eacute;thode<br />
m&eacute;thode de classification des donn&eacute;es hyperspectrales bas&eacute;e sur l&#39;incorporation de l&#39;arrangement spatial des valeurs des pixels.<br />
spatiale des valeurs des pixels. Nous utilisons le semivariogramme pour mesurer la corr&eacute;lation spatiale, qui est ensuite combin&eacute;e avec les caract&eacute;ristiques spectrales.<br />
corr&eacute;lation spatiale qui est ensuite combin&eacute;e avec des caract&eacute;ristiques spectrales dans le cadre d&#39;une machine &agrave; vecteur de soutien &agrave; noyau empil&eacute;.<br />
dans le cadre d&#39;une machine &agrave; vecteur de support &agrave; noyau empil&eacute;. La m&eacute;thode propos&eacute;e est compar&eacute;e &agrave; un<br />
classifieur bas&eacute; sur des statistiques de premier ordre. La pr&eacute;cision globale de la classification est<br />
est test&eacute;e pour l&#39;ensemble de donn&eacute;es de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence AVIRIS Indian Pines. Les matrices d&#39;erreur sont utilis&eacute;es<br />
pour estimer la pr&eacute;cision de chaque classe. La signification statistique des estimations de<br />
est &eacute;valu&eacute;e sur la base du coefficient kappa et de la statistique z au niveau de confiance de<br />
au niveau de confiance de 95 %. Les r&eacute;sultats empiriques montrent que l&#39;approche propos&eacute;e donne de meilleures performances que la m&eacute;thode bas&eacute;e sur les statistiques de premier ordre.<br />
meilleure performance que la m&eacute;thode bas&eacute;e sur les statistiques de premier ordre.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>Abstrat<br />
de l&#39;article : Hyperspectral data classification using gesostatistics and<br />
support vecor machines.</p>

<p>Publi&eacute;<br />
dans Remote Sensing letters, Taylor and Francis</p>

<p>Voil&agrave; un extrait de mon article scientifique ayant pour sujet la<br />
classification des donn&eacute;es massives (BIG DATA) en se basant sur les<br />
g&eacute;ostatistiques et les machines &agrave; vecteurs supports. C&#39;est une preuve que le<br />
Mast&egrave;re DATA SCIENCE &amp; BIG DATA est accessible pour tous les dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s des<br />
branches scientifiques et non seulement l&#39;informatique.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

Hyperspectral data classification using gesostatistics and support vecor machines.

تصنيف البيانات الطيفية الفائقة باستخدام الإحصاءات العامة وآلات ناقلات الدعم

Classification des données hyperspectrales à l'aide de la gésostatistique et de machines à vecteur de support

<p>The relationship between the economic growth, the inflation, and the innovation is an attractive debate in the economics literature. The general consensus argued that the inflation can damage the economic growth, as well as its determinants just like any kind of investments. The literature identified three possible causality relationships between these variables; first is a unidirectional causality called supply-leading hypothesis or demand-following hypothesis. Second is a bidirectional causality that refers to a feedback between the supply and the demand. Third is that there are no causality effects which induce the neutrality hypothesis. On the other hand, the causality linkage between the innovation and the economic growth is well studied in the developed countries but less analyzed in the developing countries where the innovation system is characterized by a low performance and efficiency</p>

<p>العلاقة بين النمو الاقتصادي والتضخم والابتكار هي نقاش جذاب في أدبيات الاقتصاد. جادل الإجماع العام بأن التضخم يمكن أن يضر بالنمو الاقتصادي، وكذلك محدداته تمامًا مثل أي نوع من الاستثمارات. وحددت المؤلفات ثلاث علاقات سببية محتملة بين هذه المتغيرات ؛ الأول هو سببية أحادية الاتجاه تسمى الفرضية الرائدة في العرض أو فرضية متابعة الطلب. ثانياً، السببية ثنائية الاتجاه التي تشير إلى التغذية المرتدة بين العرض والطلب. ثالثًا، لا توجد آثار سببية تحفز فرضية الحياد. ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن الصلة السببية بين الابتكار والنمو الاقتصادي مدروسة جيدا في البلدان المتقدمة النمو ولكنها أقل تحليلا في البلدان النامية حيث يتسم نظام الابتكار بضعف الأداء والكفاءة</p>

<p>La relation entre la croissance &eacute;conomique, l&#39;inflation et l&#39;innovation est un d&eacute;bat int&eacute;ressant dans la litt&eacute;rature &eacute;conomique. Le consensus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral soutient que l&#39;inflation peut nuire &agrave; la croissance &eacute;conomique, ainsi qu&#39;&agrave; ses d&eacute;terminants, tout comme n&#39;importe quel type d&#39;investissement. La litt&eacute;rature a identifi&eacute; trois relations de causalit&eacute; possibles entre ces variables ; la premi&egrave;re est une causalit&eacute; unidirectionnelle appel&eacute;e hypoth&egrave;se de l&#39;offre en t&ecirc;te ou hypoth&egrave;se de la demande en t&ecirc;te. La deuxi&egrave;me est une causalit&eacute; bidirectionnelle qui fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; une r&eacute;troaction entre l&#39;offre et la demande. La troisi&egrave;me est l&#39;absence d&#39;effets de causalit&eacute;, qui induit l&#39;hypoth&egrave;se de neutralit&eacute;. D&#39;autre part, le lien de causalit&eacute; entre l&#39;innovation et la croissance &eacute;conomique est bien &eacute;tudi&eacute; dans les pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s mais moins analys&eacute; dans les pays en d&eacute;veloppement o&ugrave; le syst&egrave;me d&#39;innovation est caract&eacute;ris&eacute; par une faible performance et efficacit&eacute;.</p>

Causality Nexus between Economic Growth, Inflation and Innovation

العلاقة السببية بين النمو الاقتصادي والتضخم والابتكار

Lien de causalité entre la croissance économique, l'inflation et l'innovation

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#131413">The existence and nature of the link between inflation and economic growth have extensively been investigated in the economic literature. According to the concept of Phillips Curve, a high inflation affects positively the economic growth by creating a low unemployment rate. Also, the Tobin Effect indicates that the inflation causes individuals to substitute money for interest earning assets, which leads to greater capital increasing. Therefore, it promotes economic growth. The endogenous growth theory stipulates that the growth rate has depended on the rate of return on capital.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>وقد بحثت الأدبيات الاقتصادية على نطاق واسع في وجود وطبيعة الصلة بين التضخم والنمو الاقتصادي. وفقًا لمفهوم Phillips Curve، يؤثر التضخم المرتفع بشكل إيجابي على النمو الاقتصادي من خلال خلق معدل بطالة منخفض. كما يشير تأثير توبين إلى أن التضخم يدفع الأفراد إلى استبدال الأموال بالأصول التي تدر فوائد، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة رأس المال. لذلك، فإنه يعزز النمو الاقتصادي. تنص نظرية النمو الداخلي على أن معدل النمو قد اعتمد على معدل العائد على رأس المال.</p>

<p>L&#39;existence et la nature du lien entre l&#39;inflation et la croissance &eacute;conomique ont &eacute;t&eacute; largement &eacute;tudi&eacute;es dans la litt&eacute;rature &eacute;conomique. Selon le concept de la courbe de Phillips, une inflation &eacute;lev&eacute;e affecte positivement la croissance &eacute;conomique en cr&eacute;ant un faible taux de ch&ocirc;mage. De m&ecirc;me, l&#39;effet Tobin indique que l&#39;inflation incite les individus &agrave; remplacer l&#39;argent par des actifs g&eacute;n&eacute;rateurs d&#39;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts, ce qui entra&icirc;ne une plus grande augmentation du capital. Il favorise donc la croissance &eacute;conomique. La th&eacute;orie de la croissance endog&egrave;ne stipule que le taux de croissance d&eacute;pend du taux de rendement du capital.</p>

Inflation et croissance économique

التضخم والنمو الاقتصادي

Inflation and Economic Growth

<p>Company accounting is an essential part of corporate financial management.</p>

<p>It encompasses the principles, rules and practices required to record, analyze and report</p>

<p>financial transactions, with an emphasis on key concepts, legal requirements and</p>

<p>legal requirements and best practices to ensure sound and transparent financial</p>

<p>management</p>

<p>والمحاسبة المؤسسية مجال أساسي من مجالات الإدارة المالية للشركات. وهو يشمل المبادئ والقواعد والممارسات اللازمة للتسجيل والتحليل. الإبلاغ عن المعاملات المالية للشركات مع التركيز على المفاهيم. الالتزامات القانونية والممارسات الفضلى</p>

<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW192371492" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La comptabilit&eacute; des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s est un domaine essentiel de la gestion financi&egrave;re des entreprises.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Elle englobe les principes, les r&egrave;gles et les pratiques n&eacute;cessaires pour enregistrer, analyser et</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">rapporter les transactions financi&egrave;res des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s tout en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur les concepts</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">cl&eacute;s, les obligations l&eacute;gales et les meilleures pratiques pour assurer une gestion financi&egrave;re</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">solide et transparente</span></p>
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Company accounting

الحسابات في الشركات

Comptabilités des sociétés

<p>يعد التحليل الاقتصادي والمالي المتعمق عملية أساسية لفهم مفصل للوضع المالي والاقتصادي للشركة. يتضمن فحص البيانات المالية واتجاهات السوق والعوامل الاقتصادية لتقييم أداء الشركة وجدواها مع التركيز على</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">L&#39;analyse &eacute;conomique et financi&egrave;re approfondie est un processus essentiel pour comprendre en d&eacute;tail la situation financi&egrave;re et &eacute;conomique d&#39;une entreprise. Elle consiste &agrave; examiner les donn&eacute;es financi&egrave;res, les tendances du march&eacute; et les facteurs &eacute;conomiques pour &eacute;valuer la performance et la viabilit&eacute; d&#39;une entreprise tout en&nbsp; se focalisant sur les techniques, les m&eacute;thodes et les indicateurs cl&eacute;s utilis&eacute;s pour prendre des d&eacute;cisions &eacute;clair&eacute;es.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Financial Analysis and Diagnosis

التحليل المالي والتشخيص

Analyse et Diagnostic Financier

<p>Mergers and acquisitions are key strategies used by companies to stimulate growth, expand their market footprint and strengthen their competitive position. They involve combining or acquiring businesses to create shareholder value and exploit new opportunities. In this topic, we explore the processes, strategies and challenges associated with these large-scale operations.</p>

<p>عمليات الاندماج والاستحواذ هي استراتيجيات رئيسية تستخدمها الشركات لدفع النمو وتوسيع بصمتها في السوق وتعزيز وضعها التنافسي. وهي تتكون من توحيد الشركات أو الاستحواذ عليها من أجل خلق قيمة للمساهمين واستغلال الفرص الجديدة. في هذا</p>

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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW205416185" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Les fusions et acquisitions sont des strat&eacute;gies cl&eacute;s utilis&eacute;es par les entreprises pour stimuler leur croissance, &eacute;largir leur empreinte sur le march&eacute; et renforcer leur position concurrentielle. Elles consistent &agrave; regrouper ou &agrave; acqu&eacute;rir des entreprises afin de cr&eacute;er de la valeur pour les actionnaires et d&#39;exploiter de nouvelles opportunit&eacute;s. Dans cette mati&egrave;re, nous explorons les processus, les strat&eacute;gies et les d&eacute;fis associ&eacute;s &agrave; ces op&eacute;rations d&#39;envergure.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Mergers and acquisitions

الاندماج والاقتناء

Fusion et acquisitions

<p>Computer systems are at the heart of information systems. They have become the target of those who covet information.&nbsp; Ensuring information security means ensuring the security of IT systems.</p>

<p>IT security covers all the technical, organizational, legal and human resources required to prevent unauthorized use, misuse, modification or misappropriation of a system.</p>

<p>Security generally involves the deployment of technical resources, but also, and above all, of preventive solutions, which absolutely must include training and awareness-raising for all those involved in the system. Rules and best practices must be put in place!</p>

<p>System security is based on 6 key principles:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Authentication: Limits access to authorized persons; &nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Confidentiality: guarantees that the data exchanged can only be understood by the entities concerned (those sharing the same secret).</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Integrity: This means guaranteeing at all times that the data in circulation is what it appears to be, and that there has been no alteration in the course of communication.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-repudiation: A transaction cannot be denied by any correspondent: Non-repudiation of the origin and receipt of data proves that the data has indeed been received; Non-repudiation prevents both sender and receiver from denying having transmitted or received a message. So when a message is sent, the receiver can prove that the message was indeed sent by the expected sender.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Availability: We need to ensure that the system is working properly, and that access to a service and resources is available at all times.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Access control: In the context of network security, access control is the ability to limit and control access to systems and applications via communication links.</p>

<p>أنظمة الحاسوب هي في صميم نظم المعلومات. لقد أصبحوا هدفًا لأولئك الذين يطمعون في المعلومات. ضمان أمن المعلومات ينطوي على ضمان أمن النظم الحاسوبية. أمن تكنولوجيا المعلومات هو مجموعة الموارد التقنية والتنظيمية والقانونية والبشرية اللازمة</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Les syst&egrave;mes informatiques sont au c&oelig;ur des syst&egrave;mes d&acute;information. Ils sont devenus la cible de ceux qui convoitent l&rsquo;information.&nbsp; Assurer la s&eacute;curit&eacute; de l&rsquo;information implique </span><strong>l&rsquo;assurance de la s&eacute;curit&eacute;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> des syst&egrave;mes informatiques.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; informatique est l&rsquo;ensemble des moyens techniques et organisationnels, juridiques et humains n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; la mise en place de moyens visant &agrave; emp&ecirc;cher l&rsquo;utilisation non autoris&eacute;e, le mauvais usage, la modification ou le d&eacute;tournement d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; engendre g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement </span><strong>le d&eacute;ploiement des moyens techniques</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> mais &eacute;galement et surtout des solutions de pr&eacute;vention qui doivent absolument prendre en compte les formations et la sensibilisation de tous les acteurs du syst&egrave;me. Des r&egrave;gles et des bonnes pratiques doivent &ecirc;tre mise en place!</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me repose sur </span><strong>6 grands principes:</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span><strong>Authentification: </strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Limite l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s aux personnes autoris&eacute;es;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Confidentialit&eacute;:</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> C&rsquo;est la garantie que les donn&eacute;es &eacute;chang&eacute;es ne sont compr&eacute;hensibles que pour les entit&eacute;s concern&eacute;es (les entit&eacute;s qui partagent un m&ecirc;me secret)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Int&eacute;grit&eacute;</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">: Il faut garantir &agrave; chaque instant que les donn&eacute;es qui circulent sont bien celles que l&rsquo;on croit, qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas eu d&rsquo;alt&eacute;ration au cours de la communication.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Non-r&eacute;pudiation: </strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Une transaction ne peut &ecirc;tre ni&eacute;e par aucun des correspondants: La non-r&eacute;pudiation de l&rsquo;origine et de la r&eacute;ception des donn&eacute;es prouve que les donn&eacute;es ont bien &eacute;t&eacute; re&ccedil;ues; La non-r&eacute;pudiation emp&ecirc;che tant l&rsquo;exp&eacute;diteur que le receveur de nier avoir transmis ou re&ccedil;u un message. Ainsi lorsqu&rsquo;un message est envoy&eacute;, le receveur peut prouver que le message a bien &eacute;t&eacute; envoy&eacute; par l&rsquo;exp&eacute;diteur attendu.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
	</li>
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	<p style="text-align:left"><strong>Disponibilit&eacute;:</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> Il faut s&rsquo;assurer du bon fonctionnement du syst&egrave;me, de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; un service et aux ressources &agrave; n&rsquo;importe quel moment</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
	</li>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Contr&ocirc;le d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s: </strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Dans le contexte de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des r&eacute;seaux, le contr&ocirc;le d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s est la facult&eacute; de limiter et de contr&ocirc;ler l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; des syst&egrave;mes et des applications via des maillons de communications.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
	</li>
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Computer security

أمن المعلومات

Sécurité informatique

<p>To remain competitive in a data-driven industry, it&#39;s essential to deploy a high-performance Business Intelligence environment. Such an environment suffers from several problems:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multiple data sources (mainly production databases, ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning, CRM: Customer Relationship Management, Invoices, Excel files...)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Non-compatible sources</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Efficient sources for the functions they specialize in</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Their main purpose is to store information -&gt; poorly structured for analysis</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Focus on critical business functions: accounting, HR, etc.</p>

<p>To remedy these problems, the solution was to aggregate and valorize data from different sources, and provide the user with simple, ergonomic access to it.</p>

<p>Implementing a datawarehouse is the first step in the decision-making process.</p>

<p>According to Bill Inmon, father of datawarehouse</p>

<p>&quot;The data ware house is a collection of subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile and historicized data, organized for the support of a decision support process.&quot;</p>

<p>للبقاء قادرًا على المنافسة في صناعة تعتمد على البيانات، من الضروري نشر بيئة ذكاء تجارية عالية الأداء. وتعاني هذه البيئة من عدة مشاكل:. مصادر بيانات متعددة (أساساً قواعد الإنتاج، تخطيط موارد المؤسسة: تخطيط موارد المؤسسة، إدارة العلاقة مع العملاء: إدارة علاقات العملاء، الفواتير،</p>

<p>Pour demeurer concurrentiel dans un secteur pilot&eacute; par les donn&eacute;es, il est essentiel de d&eacute;ployer un environnement de Business Intelligence performant. Un tel environnement souffre de plusieurs probl&egrave;mes :</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sources de donn&eacute;es multiples (essentiellement bases de production, ERP:Entreprise Resource Planning, CRM: Customer Relationship Management, Factures, Fichiers Excel&hellip;)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sources non compatibles entre eux</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sources efficaces pour les fonctions sur lesquelles elles sont sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;es</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Leur objectif principale c&rsquo;est la conservation de l&rsquo;information -&gt; peu structur&eacute;s pour l&rsquo;analyse</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Focalisation sur les fonctions critiques de l&rsquo;entreprise: Comptabilit&eacute;, RH,etc.</p>

<p>Afin de rem&eacute;dier &agrave; ces probl&egrave;mes la solution &eacute;tait d&rsquo;agr&eacute;ger et valoriser les donn&eacute;es provenant de diff&eacute;rentes sources et permettre &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur d&rsquo;y acc&eacute;der d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re simple et ergonomique.</p>

<p>L&rsquo;impl&eacute;mentation d&rsquo;un entrep&ocirc;t de donn&eacute;es (datawarehouse) est la premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape dans le processus de prise de d&eacute;cision.</p>

<p>Selon Bill Inmon p&egrave;re de datawarehouse</p>

<p>&laquo; Le data ware house est une collection de donn&eacute;es orient&eacute;es sujet, int&eacute;gr&eacute;es, non volatiles et histori&eacute;es,&nbsp; organis&eacute;es pour le support d&rsquo;un processus d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la d&eacute;cision. &raquo;</p>

Système d’Information Décisionnel

<p>Engineering is the development of products, using well-defined scientific principles and methods. The term software engineering refers to the set of methods, techniques and tools used to produce quality software while controlling costs and deadlines.</p>

<p>To produce quality software, you need to master the development process:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The life of a software product is made up of different stages</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The succession of these stages forms the software life cycle.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The succession of these stages must be controlled</p>

<p>There are two categories (approaches) for software development processes:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Plan-driven processes: are processes where all process activities are planned in advance, and progress is measured against this plan.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Agile processes, where planning is progressive and it is easier to modify the process to reflect changing customer needs.</p>

<p>The unified agile development process is an implementation and development method used mainly by IT developers. It is an iterative, implementable process. It is characterized by four aspects:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Use-case driven</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Architecture at the heart of the process</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Maximum use of models, more specifically UML models</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Regular removal of uncertainties thanks to its iterative and cyclical dimension</p>

<p>الهندسة هي تطوير المنتجات، باستخدام مبادئ وطرق علمية محددة جيدًا. يشير مصطلح هندسة البرمجيات إلى مجموعة الأساليب والتقنيات والأدوات التي تساهم في إنتاج برمجيات الجودة مع التحكم في التكاليف والمواعيد النهائية. للحصول على برامج عالية الجودة، يجب أن تتقن</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">L&#39;ing&eacute;nierie (g&eacute;nie) consiste &agrave; d&eacute;velopper des produits, en utilisant des principes et m&eacute;thodes scientifiques bien d&eacute;finis. Le terme g&eacute;nie logiciel d&eacute;signe l&rsquo;ensemble </span><strong>de m&eacute;thodes</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">, </span><strong>de techniques </strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">et </span><strong>d&rsquo;outils</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> concourant &agrave; la production d&rsquo;un logiciel de qualit&eacute; avec ma&icirc;trise des co&ucirc;ts et d&eacute;lais.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Pour obtenir un logiciel de qualit&eacute;, il faut en ma&icirc;triser le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration :</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La vie d&rsquo;un logiciel est compos&eacute;e de diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;tapes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La succession de ces &eacute;tapes forme le cycle de vie du logiciel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Il faut contr&ocirc;ler la succession de ces diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;tapes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Il existe deux cat&eacute;gories (approches) pour les processus de d&eacute;veloppement des logiciels:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Processus pilot&eacute;s par plan (planifi&eacute;): sont des processus o&ugrave; toutes les activit&eacute;s du processus sont planifi&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;avance et les progr&egrave;s sont mesur&eacute;s sur ce plan.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Processus agiles, dont la planification est progressive et il est plus facile de modifier le processus afin de refl&eacute;ter l&#39;&eacute;volution des besoins des clients</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Le processus agile unifi&eacute; de d&eacute;veloppement </span><strong>est une m&eacute;thode d&rsquo;impl&eacute;mentation et de d&eacute;veloppement</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">, majoritairement utilis&eacute;e par les d&eacute;veloppeurs informatiques. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un processus </span><strong>it&eacute;ratif</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt"> et </span><strong>impl&eacute;mentable</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">. Il est caract&eacute;ris&eacute; par quatre aspects :</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Un pilotage par les cas d&rsquo;utilisation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">L&rsquo;architecture au c&oelig;ur du processus</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
	</li>
</ol>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">L&rsquo;utilisation maximale des mod&egrave;les, plus sp&eacute;cifiquement des mod&egrave;les UML</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">La lev&eacute;e r&eacute;guli&egrave;re des incertitudes gr&acirc;ce &agrave; sa dimension it&eacute;rative et cyclique</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
	</li>
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Agile Unified Development Process

عملية التنمية الرشيقة الموحدة

Processus Agile Unifié de Développement

<p>Classical programming, as studied in the C and Pascal languages, defines a program as a set of data on which procedures and functions act.</p>

<p>Data is the passive part of the program. Procedures and functions are the active part.</p>

<p>Programming in this case involved :</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; defining a number of variables (structures, arrays...)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writing procedures to manipulate them, without explicitly associating one with the other.</p>

<p>Executing a program then boils down to calling these procedures in an order described by the sequencing of instructions, and providing them with the data they need to accomplish their tasks.</p>

<p>The questions that can be asked in this case are:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Is this separation (data, procedures) useful?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Why privilege procedures over data (what do we want to do?)?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Why not consider that the program is first and foremost a set of computer objects characterized by the operations they perform?</p>

<p>Object languages were born to answer these questions. They are based on knowledge of a single category of computer entities: objects.</p>

<p>An object incorporates both static and dynamic aspects within a single notion.</p>

<p>حددت البرمجة الكلاسيكية كما تمت دراستها من خلال C و Pascal وما إلى ذلك البرنامج كمجموعة من البيانات التي تعمل على أساسها الإجراءات والوظائف. البيانات هي الجزء السلبي من البرنامج. الإجراءات والوظائف هي الجزء النشط.. وبلغت البرمجة في هذه الحالة ما يلي: :: تعريف</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><strong>La programmation classique</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt"> telle qu&rsquo;&eacute;tudi&eacute;e au travers des langages C, Pascal&hellip; d&eacute;finie un programme comme &eacute;tant un ensemble de donn&eacute;es sur lesquelles agissent des proc&eacute;dures et des fonctions.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Les donn&eacute;es constituent </span><strong>la partie passive du programme</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">. Les proc&eacute;dures et les fonctions constituent </span><strong>la partie active</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Programmer dans ce cas revenait &agrave; :</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">d&eacute;finir un certain nombre de variables (structures, tableaux&hellip;)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&eacute;crire des proc&eacute;dures pour les manipuler sans associer explicitement les unes aux autres.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Ex&eacute;cuter un programme se r&eacute;duit alors &agrave; appeler ces proc&eacute;dures dans un ordre d&eacute;crit par le s&eacute;quen&ccedil;age des instructions et en leur fournissant les donn&eacute;es n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; l&rsquo;accomplissement de leurs t&acirc;ches.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Les questions qu&rsquo;on peut poser dans ce cas :</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Cette s&eacute;paration (donn&eacute;es, proc&eacute;dures) est-elle utile ?</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Pourquoi privil&eacute;gier les proc&eacute;dures sur les donn&eacute;es (Que veut-on faire ?) ?</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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	<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Pourquoi ne pas consid&eacute;rer que le programme est avant tout des ensembles objets informatiques caract&eacute;ris&eacute; par les op&eacute;rations qu&rsquo;ils connaissent ?</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Les langages objets sont n&eacute;s pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; ces questions. Ils sont fond&eacute;s sur la connaissance d&rsquo;une seule cat&eacute;gorie d&rsquo;entit&eacute;s informatiques : </span><strong>les objets.</strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">Un objet incorpore des aspects statiques et dynamiques au sein d&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me notion.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:11pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Introduction to OOP object-oriented programming

مقدمة للبرمجة الموجهة نحو الكائن POO

Introduction à la programmation orientée objet POO

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Hyper-spectral imagery combined with spatial features holds promise for improved remote sensing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">classification. In this letter, we propose a method for classification of hyper-spectral data based on the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">in corporation of spatial arrangement of pixel&rsquo;s values. We use the semi-variogram to measure the spatial correlation which is then combined with spectral features within the stacked kernel support</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">vector machine framework. The proposed method is compared with a classifier based on firstorder</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">statistics. The overall classification accuracy is tested for the AVIRIS Indian Pines benchmark dataset.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Error matrices are used to estimate individual class accuracy. Statistical significance of the accuracy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">estimates is assessed based on the kappa coefficient and z-statistics at the 95% confidence level.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Empirical results show that the proposed approach gives better performance than the method based on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">first-order statistics.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Abstrat de l&rsquo;article : Hyperspectral data classification using gesostatistics and support vecor machines.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Publi&eacute; in Remote Sensing letters, Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">Voil&agrave; un extrait de mon article scientifique ayant pour sujet la classification des donn&eacute;es massives</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">(BIG DATA) en se basant sur les g&eacute;ostatistiques et les machines &agrave; vecteurs supports. C&rsquo;est une preuve</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">que le Mast&egrave;re DATA SCIENCE &amp;amp; BIG DATA est accessible pour tous les dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s des branches</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:12pt">scientifiques et non seulement l&rsquo;informatique.</span></p>
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<p>يعد التصوير الطيفي المفرط جنبًا إلى جنب مع الميزات المكانية بتحسين تصنيف الاستشعار عن بعد. الاستشعار عن بعد. في هذه الرسالة، نقترح طريقة تصنيف البيانات فائقة الطيف بناءً على الترتيب المكاني لقيم البكسل. نستخدم نصف فارو جرام لقياس</p>

<p>L&#39;imagerie hyper-spectrale combin&eacute;e &agrave; des caract&eacute;ristiques spatiales est prometteuse pour am&eacute;liorer la classification de la t&eacute;l&eacute;d&eacute;tection.</p>

<p>t&eacute;l&eacute;d&eacute;tection. Dans cette lettre, nous proposons une m&eacute;thode de classification des donn&eacute;es hyper-spectrales bas&eacute;e sur l&#39;arrangement spatial des valeurs des pixels.</p>

<p>Nous utilisons le semi-variogramme pour mesurer l&#39;arrangement spatial des valeurs des pixels. Nous utilisons le semi-variogramme pour mesurer la corr&eacute;lation spatiale qui est ensuite combin&eacute;e avec les caract&eacute;ristiques spectrales dans le cadre de la machine &agrave; vecteur de support &agrave; noyau empil&eacute;.</p>

<p>de support &agrave; noyau empil&eacute;. La m&eacute;thode propos&eacute;e est compar&eacute;e &agrave; un classificateur bas&eacute; sur des statistiques de premier ordre.</p>

<p>statistiques de premier ordre. La pr&eacute;cision globale de la classification est test&eacute;e pour l&#39;ensemble de donn&eacute;es de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence AVIRIS Indian Pines.</p>

<p>Les matrices d&#39;erreur sont utilis&eacute;es pour estimer la pr&eacute;cision de chaque classe. La signification statistique des estimations de</p>

<p>est &eacute;valu&eacute;e sur la base du coefficient kappa et de la statistique z au niveau de confiance de 95 %.</p>

<p>Les r&eacute;sultats empiriques montrent que l&#39;approche propos&eacute;e est plus performante que la m&eacute;thode bas&eacute;e sur les statistiques de premier ordre.</p>

<p>statistiques de premier ordre.</p>

<p>Abstrat de l&#39;article : Hyperspectral data classification using gesostatistics and support vecor machines.</p>

<p>Publi&eacute; in Remote Sensing letters, Taylor and Francis</p>

<p>Voil&agrave; un extrait de mon article scientifique ayant pour sujet la classification des donn&eacute;es massives</p>

<p>(BIG DATA) en se basant sur les g&eacute;ostatistiques et les machines &agrave; vecteurs supports. C&#39;est une preuve</p>

<p>que le Mast&egrave;re DATA SCIENCE &amp;amp ; BIG DATA est accessible pour tous les dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s des branches</p>

<p>scientifiques et non seulement l&#39;informatique.</p>

Machine Learning

التعلم الآلي

Apprentissage machine

<p>Management accounting involves establishing and developing an information system capable of helping managers make business decisions that satisfy customers, while enabling them to continually control company costs and improve efficiency. To achieve this, accounting managers need to prepare a wide range of reports. Some of these reports compare actual results with planned results and external data, focusing on the evaluation of the work of individual managers or business units within the company. Others provide timely updates on important factors such as orders received, production capacity utilization, customer satisfaction and sales. Accounting managers can also prepare the reports needed to study specific issues, such as the declining profitability of a product line, or decisions to outsource part of the company&#39;s operating activities. Other reports present an analysis of a developing situation or business opportunity. In contrast, financial accounting aims to produce a limited set of financial statements on an annual and quarterly basis, in compliance with current accounting standards and government regulations. Management accounting requires a minimum knowledge of managers&#39; activities, the information they need and the organization&#39;s general environment.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">La comptabilit&eacute; de gestion consiste &agrave; &eacute;tablir et &agrave; d&eacute;velopper un syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;information capable d&rsquo;aider les gestionnaires &agrave; prendre des d&eacute;cisions d&rsquo;affaires qui satisfont les clients tout en permettant de contr&ocirc;ler continuellement les co&ucirc;ts de l&rsquo;entreprise et d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer son efficience. Pour y arriver, les gestionnaires comptables doivent pr&eacute;parer toute une gamme de rapports. Certains de ces rapports servent &agrave; comparer les r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;els aux r&eacute;sultats planifi&eacute;s et &agrave; des donn&eacute;es externes en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation du travail des gestionnaires ou des unit&eacute;s d&rsquo;affaires de l&rsquo;entreprise. D&rsquo;autres fournissent des mises &agrave; jour en temps utile sur des facteurs importants comme les commandes re&ccedil;ues, le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;utilisation de la capacit&eacute; de production, la satisfaction des clients et le chiffre d&rsquo;affaires. Les gestionnaires comptables peuvent aussi dresser les rapports n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de probl&egrave;mes particuliers tels que la baisse de rentabilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une gamme de produits, ou la prise de d&eacute;cisions concernant l&rsquo;externalisation d&rsquo;une partie des activit&eacute;s d&rsquo;exploitation de l&rsquo;entreprise. D&rsquo;autres rapports pr&eacute;sentent l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;une situation en d&eacute;veloppement ou d&rsquo;une occasion d&rsquo;affaires. Par opposition, la comptabilit&eacute; financi&egrave;re vise &agrave; produire annuellement et trimestriellement un ensemble limit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;tats financiers en conformit&eacute; avec les normes comptables en vigueur et les r&eacute;glementations gouvernementales. La comptabilit&eacute; de gestion n&eacute;cessite une connaissance minimale des activit&eacute;s des gestionnaires, des informations qui leur sont n&eacute;cessaires et de l&rsquo;environnement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de l&rsquo;organisation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Management Accounting

إدارة المحاسبة

Comptabilité de Gestion

<p>Derivatives are financial instruments that set the conditions for the exchange of future cash flows. The value of these contracts depends on changes in reference assets (called underlyings). The most common underlying assets include equities, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates and indices.</p>

<p>المشتقات هي أدوات مالية تحدد الآن الشروط لتبادل التدفق في المستقبل. وتتوقف قيمة هذه العقود على تطور الأصول المرجعية (التي تسمى الأصول الأساسية). تشمل الأصول الأساسية الأكثر شيوعًا الأسهم والسندات والسلع والعملات وأسعار الفائدة والمؤشرات.</p>

<p>Les produits d&eacute;riv&eacute;s sont des instruments financiers qui fixent aujourd&rsquo;hui les conditions d&rsquo;un &eacute;change de flux futurs. La valeur de ces contrats d&eacute;pend de l&rsquo;&eacute;volution d&rsquo;actifs de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence (appel&eacute;s sous-jacents). Les actifs sous-jacents les plus courants comprennent les actions, les obligations, les mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res, les devises, les taux d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t et les indices.</p>

Derivative products

المنتجات المشتقة

Produits dérivés

<p>Shareholders are the company&#39;s true owners. The financial objective should therefore be to maximize their wealth. &nbsp;</p>

<p>&rArr; Wealth? &nbsp;</p>

<p>Wealth can be defined as the sum of the income received by the shareholder, i.e. dividends and the resale value of the company shares held by the shareholder. &nbsp;</p>

<p>&rArr; What then determines the amount of dividends and the market value of the shares? &nbsp;</p>

<p>A company can be defined as a portfolio of investment projects and financing sources. The value of the company therefore depends on the value of this portfolio. So, in the interests of shareholders, managers should select all investment projects that would increase the market value of shares, and choose sources of financing that minimize cost. &nbsp;</p>

<p>If the choice of investment projects and sources of financing are judged to be appropriate, i.e. profitable, the value of the company will increase, and with it the shareholders&#39; wealth. However, it should be noted that those who act and make decisions in the company are not the shareholders, but rather the managers. &nbsp;</p>

<p>The managers&#39; objective is not necessarily that of the shareholders. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Shareholder &rArr; Maximization of wealth &rArr; Maximization of company value. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Manager &rArr; Maintaining his job &rArr; Minimizing the risk of bankruptcy. &nbsp;</p>

<p>In view of his objective, the manager will opt for conservative decisions. However, these are not necessarily optimal, and may therefore conflict with the shareholders&#39; objective. For their part, shareholders, in order to maximize their wealth, will choose the most profitable, and therefore riskiest, projects. Hence the possibility of conflicts between shareholders and managers.</p>

<p>المساهمون هم المالكون الحقيقيون للشركة. ولذلك ينبغي أن يهدف الهدف المالي عادة إلى زيادة ثروة هذه الأخيرة إلى أقصى حد.</p>

<p>الثروة ؟</p>

<p>يمكن تعريف الثروة على أنها مجموع الدخل الذي يتلقاه المساهم، أي توزيعات الأرباح وقيمة إعادة بيع أسهم الشركة التي يمتلكها المساهم.</p>

<p>ما الذي يحدد بعد ذلك مقدار توزيعات الأرباح والقيمة السوقية للأسهم ؟</p>

<p>ويمكن تعريف المؤسسة بأنها حافظة مشاريع استثمارية ومصادر تمويل. ولذلك فإن قيمة المؤسسة تتوقف على قيمة تلك الحافظة. وبالتالي، ينبغي للمديرين، لصالح حملة الأسهم، الاحتفاظ بجميع المشاريع الاستثمارية التي من شأنها زيادة القيمة السوقية للأسهم واختيار مصادر التمويل التي تقلل التكلفة إلى أدنى حد.</p>

<p>وإذا اعتبر اختيار المشاريع الاستثمارية واختيار مصادر التمويل مناسبين، أي مربحين، فإن قيمة الشركة تزداد وبالتالي ثروة حملة الأسهم. ومع ذلك، تجدر الإشارة إلى أن أولئك الذين يتصرفون ويتخذون القرارات في الشركة ليسوا المساهمين بل المديرين.</p>

<p>وليس هدف المديرين بالضرورة هدف حملة الأسهم.</p>

<p>المساهم تعظيم ثروته تعظيم قيمة الشركة.</p>

<p>استبقاء المديرين للعمل تقليل مخاطر الإفلاس.</p>

<p>بالنظر إلى هدفه، سيختار المدير القرارات المحافظة. وهذه الأخيرة ليست بالضرورة مثالية وقد تتعارض بالتالي مع هدف حملة الأسهم. من جانبهم، من أجل زيادة ثروتهم إلى أقصى حد، سيختارون المشاريع الأكثر ربحية وبالتالي الأكثر خطورة. ومن هنا تأتي إمكانية حدوث تضارب بين حملة الأسهم والمديرين.</p>

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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Les actionnaires sont les v&eacute;ritables propri&eacute;taires de l&rsquo;entreprise. L&rsquo;objectif financier devrait donc, normalement viser &agrave; maximiser la richesse de ces derniers.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Richesse ?&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">La richesse peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;finie comme la somme des revenus touch&eacute;s par l&rsquo;actionnaire, &agrave; savoir les dividendes et la valeur de revente des actions de l&rsquo;entreprise d&eacute;tenues par l&rsquo;actionnaire.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Qu&rsquo;est ce qui d&eacute;termine alors le montant des dividendes et la valeur marchande des actions?&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">L&rsquo;entreprise peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;finie comme un portefeuille de projets d&rsquo;investissement et de sources de financement. La valeur de l&rsquo;entreprise d&eacute;pend, d&egrave;s lors, de la valeur de ce portefeuille. Ainsi, dans l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des actionnaires, les gestionnaires devraient retenir tous les projets d&rsquo;investissement qui feraient augmenter la valeur marchande des actions et choisir les sources de financement qui minimise le co&ucirc;t.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Si le choix des projets d&rsquo;investissement et celui des sources de financement sont jug&eacute;s ad&eacute;quats c&rsquo;est &agrave; dire rentables, la valeur de l&rsquo;entreprise augmente et par cons&eacute;quent la richesse des actionnaires. Cependant, faut-il remarquer que ceux qui agissent et prennent des d&eacute;cisions dans l&rsquo;entreprise, ne sont pas les actionnaires mais plut&ocirc;t les gestionnaires.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Or l&rsquo;objectif des gestionnaires n&rsquo;est n&eacute;cessairement celui des actionnaires.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Actionnaire </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Maximisation de sa richesse </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Maximisation de la valeur de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Gestionnaire </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Maintien de son poste d&rsquo;emploi </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Cambria Math_MSFontService&quot;,sans-serif; font-size:10pt">&rArr;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt"> Minimiser le risque de faillite.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW104146155" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Eu &eacute;gard &agrave; son objectif, le gestionnaire optera pour des d&eacute;cisions de types conservateurs. Or ces derni&egrave;res ne sont pas n&eacute;cessairement optimales et peuvent &ecirc;tre donc en contradiction avec l&rsquo;objectif des actionnaires. De leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;, ces derniers, pour maximiser leur richesse, choisiront les projets les plus rentables donc les plus risqu&eacute;s. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; la possibilit&eacute; de conflits entre les actionnaires et les gestionnaires.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Financial decisions

القرارات المالية

Décisions Financières

<p>Financial engineering?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Financial engineering focuses primarily on the upper part of the balance sheet. It deals mainly with equity capital. The financial engineer&#39;s main task is to minimize resources, through the use of new financing methods.</p>

<p>By turning to financial engineers, companies are looking for advice, which is the main dimension of financial engineering.</p>

<p>Financial engineering is a &quot;made-to-measure&quot; task. Each project is considered on its own merits, requiring innovation and creativity in order to come up with appropriate solutions for each context.</p>

<p>الهندسة المالية ؟</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>تركز الهندسة المالية بشكل أساسي على الجزء العلوي من الميزانية العمومية. إنه يركز بشكل أساسي على رأس المال. من المفترض أساسًا أن يقلل المهندس المالي من الموارد من خلال استخدام ترتيبات التمويل الجديدة.</p>

<p>من خلال التواصل مع المهندسين الماليين، تطلب الشركات المشورة التي تمثل البعد الرئيسي للهندسة المالية.</p>

<p>الهندسة المالية هي عمل &laquo;مصمم خصيصًا&raquo;. يعتبر كل مشروع مشروعًا خاصًا من خلال إظهار الابتكار والإبداع من أجل التوصل إلى حلول مناسبة لكل سياق.</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW37436192" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">L&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie Financi&egrave;re ?</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW37436192" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">L&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie financi&egrave;re est focalis&eacute;e essentiellement sur la partie haute du bilan. Il s&rsquo;occupe principalement sur les fonds propres. L&rsquo;ing&eacute;nieur financier est cens&eacute; essentiellement de minimiser les ressources, via le recours &agrave; des nouvelles modalit&eacute;s de financement.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW37436192" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">En s&rsquo;adressant &agrave; des ing&eacute;nieurs financiers, les entreprises cherchent &agrave; avoir du conseil qui repr&eacute;sente la dimension principale de l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie financi&egrave;re.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW37436192" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">L&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie financi&egrave;re est un travail de &laquo; sur-mesure &raquo;. Chaque projet est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme un projet particulier en faisant preuve d&rsquo;innovation et de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; afin de s&rsquo;en sortir avec des solutions  ad&eacute;quates pour chaque contexte.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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Financial engineering and equity transactions

الهندسة المالية وعمليات الميزانية العمومية العليا

Ingénierie financière et opérations du haut du bilan

<p>Organizational behavior refers to the performance demonstrated by an individual in an organization. Individuals build the organization, and the organization itself is inanimate. It is &quot;the study of human behavior within an organizational framework&quot;. Being a fusion of the fields of psychology, business, sociology and economics, it is a field that not only contributes to increasing the productivity of the organization, but also enhances the overall personal, social and professional effectiveness of the individual. In other words, organizational behavior is the defining factor of any organization.</p>

<p>Among the main theories of organizational behavior, the concept of personality has been widely debated.</p>

<p>According to Gordon Allport, personality is simply referred to as &quot;the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems which determine his characteristic behavior and thinking&quot;. While understanding the notion of personality, the concept of Nature vs. Nurture is of the utmost importance, as many researchers have highlighted the role of nature in human affective behavior in terms of primary instincts and genetic compulsions.</p>

<p>يشير السلوك التنظيمي إلى الأداء الذي يظهره الفرد في المنظمة. فالأفراد يبنون المنظمة والمنظمة في حد ذاتها غير حية. إنها &laquo;دراسة السلوك البشري ضمن إطار تنظيمي&raquo;. نظرًا لكونه مزيجًا من مجالات علم النفس والأعمال وعلم الاجتماع والاقتصاد، فهذا مجال لا يساعد فقط في زيادة إنتاجية المنظمة، ولكنه أيضًا يحسن الكفاءة العامة للفرد على المستوى الشخصي والاجتماعي والمهني. وبعبارة أخرى، فإن السلوك التنظيمي هو العامل الحاسم في أي منظمة.</p>

<p>من بين النظريات الرئيسية للسلوك التنظيمي، تمت مناقشة مفهوم الشخصية على نطاق واسع.</p>

<p>وفقًا لجوردون ألبورت، تسمى الشخصية ببساطة &laquo;التنظيم الديناميكي داخل فرد هذه الأنظمة النفسية الفيزيائية التي تحدد سلوكه وفكره المميزين&raquo;. أثناء فهم مفهوم الشخصية، فإن مفهوم Nature vs Nurture له أهمية قصوى حيث سلط العديد من الباحثين الضوء على دور الطبيعة في السلوك العاطفي البشري من حيث الغرائز الأولية والإكراهات الجينية.</p>

<div class="EditMode EditingSurfaceBody FireFox WACEditing WACViewPanel_DisableLegacyKeyCodeAndCharCode usehover" id="WACViewPanel_ClipboardElement" style="direction:ltr; overflow:hidden; visibility:visible">
<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW209664553" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Le comportement organisationnel fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la performance d&eacute;montr&eacute;e par un individu dans une organisation. Les individus construisent l&#39;organisation et l&#39;organisation, par elle-m&ecirc;me, est inanim&eacute;e. C&#39;est &laquo; l&#39;&eacute;tude du comportement humain dans un cadre organisationnel &raquo;. &Eacute;tant une fusion des domaines de la psychologie, des affaires, de la sociologie et de l&#39;&eacute;conomie, il s&#39;agit d&#39;un domaine qui, non seulement contribue &agrave; augmenter la productivit&eacute; de l&#39;organisation, mais am&eacute;liore &eacute;galement l&#39;efficacit&eacute; globale de l&#39;individu au niveau personnel, social et professionnel. En d&#39;autres termes, le comportement organisationnel est le facteur d&eacute;terminant de toute organisation.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW209664553" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Parmi les principales th&eacute;ories du comportement organisationnel, le concept de personnalit&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; largement d&eacute;battu.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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<div class="BCX2 Ltr OutlineElement SCXW209664553" style="direction:ltr">
<p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">Selon Gordon Allport, la personnalit&eacute; est simplement appel&eacute;e &laquo;l&#39;organisation dynamique au sein de l&#39;individu de ces syst&egrave;mes psychophysiques qui d&eacute;terminent son comportement et sa pens&eacute;e caract&eacute;ristiques&raquo;. Tout en comprenant la notion de personnalit&eacute;, le concept de Nature vs Nurture est de la plus haute importance car de nombreux chercheurs ont mis en &eacute;vidence le r&ocirc;le de la nature dans le comportement humain affectif en termes d&#39;instincts primaires et de compulsions g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,&quot;Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont&quot;,&quot;Times New Roman_MSFontService&quot;,serif; font-size:10pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
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